Violation of Fundamental Human Rights Essay - 2084 Words

Ever since the era of the nation’s founding father, President George Washington up to the incumbent Barack Obama, the United States of America has endured innumerous struggles in its rise to become the world’s ultimate global force. Despite the extensive nature of these kinds of struggles, protection of fundamental human rights has become one of America’s greatest symbols of success and prosperity. It has become the world’s most established democracy with high regard for civil liberties for people from all ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. In line with this, the issue of racial discrimination is more or less synonymous with the violation of these fundamental human rights. Even since the early days of slave trade, racial profiling has†¦show more content†¦Acquitted in three consecutive trials by fellow colonists who refused to punish a white man for killing an American Indian the governor, out of frustration, ordered a fourth trial, during whic h Elkin was found guilty of the much lesser charge of manslaughter. Not only were Native Americans subject to this early form of racial profiling, but slaves also experienced the same discrimination. In 1669 as part of its lavery law revisions, the Commonwealth of Virginia passed the Casual Slave Killing Act, which established that if any slave resist his master and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that his death not be accompted Felony. There was much of the same conduct throughout the South during this early time period as the South Carolina Slave Patrol, perhaps the first modern police organization in North America, was founded in 1704 to seek and capture fugitive slaves. Often, the pro-slavery governments would arrest the free African Americans and deem them to be fugitives so that they could be given to slave traders for future sale. Later, in the 1800’s, Nat Turner’s rebellion, during which he lead a band of rebels plantation to plantation slaughtering countless whites, Turner was eventually caught and hang ed resulting in legal codes against blackShow MoreRelatedChild Labor Is A Violation Of Fundamental Human Rights1553 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Child labor is a violation of fundamental human rights and has been shown to hinder children’s development, potentially leading to a physical or psychological damage.† The main causes of child labor are poverty within families, lack of free education offered, and lack of law enforcement. When families are faced with low income and they cannot afford for their children to go to school, they send their children to work to increase their income. Based off of the Declaration of Human Rights, child laborRead MoreExpanding Social Media Into the Chinese Market Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational human rights organization, the Chinese government has been violating the â€Å"fundamental human rights† of its citizens, and Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft have been â€Å"complicit.† AI defines these human rights as being inalienable for all human beings. By this definition, AI believes that Chinese citizens have rights that cannot be infringed upon by the Chinese government. In addition, AI argues that a company can be accused of being â€Å"complicit† if it: †¢ Actively assists in human rights violationsRead MoreHuman Rights Violations in China - Should Western Companies Continue to Do Business with China?1636 Words   |  7 PagesCommissioner for Human Rights (2010) claims that everyone is equally entitled to human rights without discrimination. In the western society, the principles of freedom, democracy and human rights are fundamental rights. However, the People’s Republic of China, commonly known as China, is still known as the largest human rights violator in the world. This raises the question whether or not western companies should continue doing business in China despite of the human rights violations. To find an answerRead MoreWhat Does All Of Latin America Have A Common?1134 Words   |  5 Pageswill be addressed is human rights. According to the UNDP’s Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean, Latin America is one of the world’s most unequal regions. Within Latin America, however, Hon duras is the second poorest country that does not only face financial issues, but also large amounts of human rights violations toward majority of the population. By discussing the different types of violations in the 21st century, its reasons behind these particular violations shed light on howRead MoreHuman Rights And The Rights1361 Words   |  6 PagesHuman rights are rights that claim that all human beings no matter what gender, race, religion language and etc., are all equally entitled to our human rights. They are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled to such as civil and political rights, the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and speech/expression, equality before the law, social, cultural and economic rights, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. .All have the right toRead MoreA Perspective On Human Rights892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe broader moral nature of human rights, and restrictive, in its recognition, utilisation and understanding of human right, allows a further debasement of the perspective, in that it utterly misinterprets human rights violations by both individualising, and decontextualizing them This point picks up a recurrent theme of this paper, that a legalist perspective on human rights has a reactionary approach with a focus on identifying the wrongdoer of a human rights violation , rather than to set peremptoryRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagesminorities and those who don’t fit the traditional mold of a people. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of JewsRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Enlightenment Era1725 Words   |  7 Pagesand philosophy the idea of human rights was first introduced. Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke wrote articles regarding the role of the individual and the role the individual plays in society. They elaborated on how governments are supposed to respect and honor the inalienable human rights attained during birth. The ideas that were presented during this time period have continued to have an impact in today’s society and provide an understanding of how humans around the world, regardlessRead MoreThe Violation Of Human Rights1284 Words   |  6 Pages784478 Title: The Violation of Human Rights Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Relevance and value of human rights 3 3. Case studies 4 3.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4 3.2 African Charter 5 3.3 Bill of Human Rights 7 4. Conclusion 7 5. Bibliography 8 1. Introduction Basic human rights are being violated every day all over the world. This includes each human being’s fundamental rights, which are rights that come with beingRead MoreInternational Law Threatens Western Countries1262 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, in this essay, how do violations of international laws present a direct threat to Western countries will be discussed in the first part, then the understanding of such threats and justice perpetrators of international crime will be examined in relation to comparative criminology in the second and the third part with illustration of various international data. Firstly, violations of international law generally refer to violation of human rights. Human rights are a complex area in international

“Mexico’s Balance-of-Payments Problem” - 1567 Words

Mini Case â€Å"Mexico’s Balance-of-Payments Problem† In December of 1994 Mexico entered its second major financial crisis in as many decades, requiring painful economic adjustment similar to the debt crisis of 1982. After nearly a decade of stagnant economic activity and high inflation in Mexico, the Mexican government liberalized the trade sector in 1985, adopted an economic stabilization plan at the end of 1987, and gradually introduced market-oriented institutions. Those reforms led to the resumption of economic growth, which averaged 3.1 percent per year between 1989 and 1994. In 1993 inflation was brought down to single-digit levels for the first time in more than two decades. As its economic reforms advanced, Mexico began to attract†¦show more content†¦In short, the economy seemed to be poised for sustained economic growth with low inflation, that would lead to increases in per-capita income that had been unobtainable during the previous decade. †¢ The beginning: In late 1987, Mexico was facing 140% annual inflation. To solve this problem, government engaged in an aggressive stabilization program with wage freeze and administered prices. Exchange rate was fixed and became the main anchor of the program starting from February 1988. Between 1988 and 1994, exchange rates went through several adjustments. In 1989 a pre announced devaluation regime where nominal devaluations were set below inflation rate was followed. Then in 1991, they went on to a narrow exchange rate band with a sliding ceiling. Between1992-93, NAFTA agreement was in the center stage boosting investor confidence. During which peso was fairly stable, remaining in the lower half of the band. In the first 18 months of the program, inflation fell to less than 20 percent but then the pace of disinflation became very slow. It should also be mentioned that between1992-94 capital inflow to Mexico was 7 percent of GDP. There were also discussions regarding the appreciation of peso together with the growing current account deficit which was being financed by these inflows. To avoid the problem of rolling over a sizable amount of domestic debt at high interest rates and further rise in interest rates, Mexico had a crucialShow MoreRelatedMexicos Balance of Payments Problem1866 Words   |  8 Pages| Mini Case for Chapter 3 | Mexico’s Balance-of-Payments Problem | | Chapter 3 Mini-Case: Mexico’s Balance of Payments Problem The term balance of payments refers to the accounting record of the country’s monetary transaction with the rest of the world. These transactions include the exports and imports of goods and services of the country, financial capital and financial transfers. 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Successful investing requires that one understands the risks of investing in these types of markets. Successful investors know what these obstacles are and devise strategies to overcome them to provide their portfolios with greater returns. ForeignRead Moremanaging across cultures1592 Words   |  7 Pagesa positive impact in developing countries? A. Underdeveloped infrastructure B. Low wage rates C. Lax environmental standards D. Adoption and exportation of best practices Question 12 of 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (worth 0.4 points) As a result of some continuing problems, the international business climate in Poland has not done well. True False Question 13 of 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (worth 0.2 points) Which two countries led the effort to mobilize public and private support for Greece in 2010? A. Germany and Britain B. SpainRead MoreThe Body Shop Case2536 Words   |  11 Pagesshop for skincare. 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One can see the common theme in these episodes: the explosion of national revolutionary sentiments causing important upheavals in the structuresRead MoreKfc and Global Fast Food Industry11778 Words   |  48 Pagesrestaurant openings had slowed to only 20 a year, restaurants were being remodeled, and service quality had declined. To combat these problems, Heublein sent in a new management team to redirect KFC’s strategy. A â€Å"back-to-the-basics† strategy was implemented and new restaurant construction was halted until existing restaurants could be upgraded and operating problems eliminated. A program for remodeling existing restaurants was implemented, an emphasis was placed on cleanliness and service, marginalRead MoreNegotiating International Business - Mexico Essay example s4532 Words   |  19 Pagestend to be more business-focused and often have a high sense of urgency. This may be more relaxed in Southern Mexico, where the stereotypical manÃŒÆ'ana attitude of conducting business at a leisurely pace can still be found. Relationships and Respect Mexico’s culture is generally group-oriented. Asserting individual preferences may be seen as less important than having a sense of belonging to a group, conforming to its norms, and maintaining harmony among its members. Building lasting and trusting personal

Forms of Government Free Essays

Montesquieu holds that there are three types of governments: republican governments, which can take either democratic or aristocratic forms; monarchies; and despotisms. Unlike, for instance, Aristotle, Montesquieu does not distinguish forms of government on the basis of the virtue of the sovereign. The distinction between monarchy and despotism, for instance, depends not on the virtue of the monarch, but on whether or not he governs â€Å"by fixed and established laws† (SL 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Forms of Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1). Each form of government has a principle, a set of â€Å"human passions which set it in motion† (SL 3. 1); and each can be corrupted if its principle is undermined or destroyed. In a democracy, the people are sovereign. They may govern through ministers, or be advised by a senate, but they must have the power of choosing their ministers and senators for themselves. The principle of democracy is political virtue, by which Montesquieu means â€Å"the love of the laws and of our country† (SL 4. 5), including its democratic constitution. The form of a democratic government makes the laws governing suffrage and voting fundamental. The need to protect its principle, however, imposes far more extensive requirements. On Montesquieu’s view, the virtue required by a functioning democracy is not natural. It requires â€Å"a constant preference of public to private interest† (SL 4. 5); it â€Å"limits ambition to the sole desire, to the sole happiness, of doing greater services to our country than the rest of our fellow citizens† (SL 5. ); and it â€Å"is a self-renunciation, which is ever arduous and painful† (SL 4. 5). Montesquieu compares it to monks’ love for their order: â€Å"their rule debars them from all those things by which the ordinary passions are fed; there remains therefore only this passion for the very rule that torments them. †¦ the more it curbs their inclinations, the more force it gives to the only passion left them† (SL 5. 2). To produce this unnatural self -renunciation, â€Å"the whole power of education is required† (SL 4. ). A democracy must educate its citizens to identify their interests with the interests of their country, and should have censors to preserve its mores. It should seek to establish frugality by law, so as to prevent its citizens from being tempted to advance their own private interests at the expense of the public good; for the same reason, the laws by which property is transferred should aim to preserve an equal distribution of property among citizens. Its territory should be small, so hat it is easy for citizens to identify with it, and more difficult for extensive private interests to emerge. Democracies can be corrupted in two ways: by what Montesquieu calls â€Å"the spirit of inequality† and â€Å"the spirit of extreme equality† (SL 8. 2). The spirit of inequality arises when citizens no longer identify their interests with the interests of their country, and therefore seek both to advance their own private interests at the expense of their fellow citizens, and to ac quire political power over them. The spirit of extreme equality arises when the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be equal in every respect. In a functioning democracy, the people choose magistrates to exercise executive power, and they respect and obey the magistrates they have chosen. If those magistrates forfeit their respect, they replace them. When the spirit of extreme equality takes root, however, the citizens neither respect nor obey any magistrate. They â€Å"want to manage everything themselves, to debate for the senate, to execute for the magistrate, and to decide for the judges† (SL 8. ). Eventually the government will cease to function, the last remnants of virtue will disappear, and democracy will be replaced by despotism. In an aristocracy, one part of the people governs the rest. The principle of an aristocratic government is moderation, the virtue which leads those who govern in an aristocracy to restrain themselves both from oppressing the people and from tryi ng to acquire excessive power over one another. In an aristocracy, the laws should be designed to instill and protect this spirit of moderation. To do so, they must do three things. First, the laws must prevent the nobility from abusing the people. The power of the nobility makes such abuse a standing temptation in an aristocracy; to avoid it, the laws should deny the nobility some powers, like the power to tax, which would make this temptation all but irresistible, and should try to foster responsible and moderate administration. Second, the laws should disguise as much as possible the difference between the nobility and the people, so that the people feel their lack of power as little as possible. Thus the nobility should have modest and simple manners, since if they do not attempt to distinguish themselves from the people â€Å"the people are apt to forget their subjection and weakness† (SL 5. 8). Finally, the laws should try to ensure equality among the nobles themselves, and among noble families. When they fail to do so, the nobility will lose its spirit of moderation, and the government will be corrupted. In a monarchy, one person governs â€Å"by fixed and established laws† (SL 2. 1). According to Montesquieu, these laws â€Å"necessarily suppose the intermediate channels through which (the monarch’s) power flows: for if there be only the momentary and capricious will of a single person to govern the state, nothing can be fixed, and, of course, there is no fundamental law† (SL 2. 4). These ‘intermediate channels’ are such subordinate institutions as the nobility and an independent judiciary; and the laws of a monarchy should therefore be designed to preserve their power. The principle of monarchical government is honor. Unlike the virtue required by republican governments, the desire to win honor and distinction comes naturally to us. For this reason education has a less difficult task in a monarchy than in a republic: it need only heighten our ambitions and our sense of our own worth, provide us with an ideal of honor worth aspiring to, and cultivate in us the politeness needed to live with others whose sense of their worth matches our own. The chief task of the laws in a monarchy is to protect the subordinate institutions that distinguish monarchy from despotism. To this end, they should make it easy to preserve large estates undivided, protect the rights and privileges of the nobility, and promote the rule of law. They should also encourage the proliferation of distinctions and of rewards for honorable conduct, including luxuries. A monarchy is corrupted when the monarch either destroys the subordinate institutions that constrain his will, or decides to rule arbitrarily, without regard to the basic laws of his country, or debases the honors at which his citizens might aim, so that â€Å"men are capable of being loaded at the very same time with infamy and with dignities† (SL 8. ). The first two forms of corruption destroy the checks on the sovereign’s will that separate monarchy from despotism; the third severs the connection between honorable conduct and its proper rewards. In a functioning monarchy, personal ambition and a sense of honor work together. This is monarchy’s great strength and the source of its extraordina ry stability: whether its citizens act from genuine virtue, a sense of their own worth, a desire to serve their king, or personal ambition, they will be led to act in ways that serve their country. A monarch who rules arbitrarily, or who rewards servility and ignoble conduct instead of genuine honor, severs this connection and corrupts his government. In despotic states â€Å"a single person directs everything by his own will and caprice† (SL 2. 1). Without laws to check him, and with no need to attend to anyone who does not agree with him, a despot can do whatever he likes, however ill-advised or reprehensible. His subjects are no better than slaves, and he can dispose of them as he sees fit. The principle of despotism is fear. This fear is easily maintained, since the situation of a despot’s subjects is genuinely terrifying. Education is unnecessary in a despotism; if it exists at all, it should be designed to debase the mind and break the spirit. Such ideas as honor and virtue should not occur to a despot’s subjects, since â€Å"persons capable of setting a value on themselves would be likely to create disturbances. Fear must therefore depress their spirits, and extinguish even the least sense of ambition† (SL 3. ). Their â€Å"portion here, like that of beasts, is instinct, compliance, and punishment† (SL 3. 10), and any higher aspirations should be brutally discouraged. Montesquieu writes that â€Å"the principle of despotic government is subject to a continual corruption, because it is even in its nature corrupt† (SL 8. 10). This is true in several senses. First, despotic governments undermine themselves. Because property is not sec ure in a despotic state, commerce will not flourish, and the state will be poor. The people must be kept in a state of fear by the threat of punishment; however, over time the punishments needed to keep them in line will tend to become more and more severe, until further threats lose their force. Most importantly, however, the despot’s character is likely to prevent him from ruling effectively. Since a despot’s every whim is granted, he â€Å"has no occasion to deliberate, to doubt, to reason; he has only to will† (SL 4. 3). For this reason he is never forced to develop anything like intelligence, character, or resolution. Instead, he is â€Å"naturally lazy, voluptuous, and ignorant† (SL 2. 5), and has no interest in actually governing his people. He will therefore choose a vizier to govern for him, and retire to his seraglio to pursue pleasure. In his absence, however, intrigues against him will multiply, especially since his rule is necessarily odious to his subjects, and since they have so little to lose if their plots against him fail. He cannot rely on his army to protect him, since the more power they have, the greater the likelihood that his generals will themselves try to seize power. For this reason the ruler in a despotic state has no more security than his people. Second, monarchical and republican governments involve specific governmental structures, and require that their citizens have specific sorts of motivation. When these structures crumble, or these motivations fail, monarchical and republican governments are corrupted, and the result of their corruption is that they fall into despotism. But when a particular despotic government falls, it is not generally replaced by a monarchy or a republic. The creation of a stable monarchy or republic is extremely difficult: â€Å"a masterpiece of legislation, rarely produced by hazard, and seldom attained by prudence† (SL 5. 14). It is particularly difficult when those who would have both to frame the laws of such a government and to live by them have previously been brutalized and degraded by despotism. Producing a despotic government, by contrast, is relatively straightforward. A despotism requires no powers to be carefully balanced against one another, no institutions to be created and maintained in existence, no complicated motivations to be fostered, and no restraints on power to be kept in place. One need only terrify one’s fellow citizens enough to allow one to impose one’s will on them; and this, Montesquieu claims, â€Å"is what every capacity may reach† (SL 5. 14). For these reasons despotism necessarily stands in a different relation to corruption than other forms of government: while they are liable to corruption, despotism is its embodiment. How to cite Forms of Government, Papers

Leadership and Employee Reaction to Change

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Employee Reaction to Change. Answer: Objective The objective of the study is to identify the role of leadership in executing an organization change. In addition, the study seeks to assess the employee reaction to organizational change in the business entity. The change management is an essential marketing and operational tool in a business enterprise. In the case of Israeli Public School system, the management of the organization has to play a decisive role in executing changes in the operational policies. Methodology In the article the research was done at Israeli public schools, at the time of executing a proper organization change. This was due to the lower student performance in the school over a considerable period of time. As such, the organization change that was implemented was expected to have a considerable impact on the performance of the students in schools. The primary characteristics that shall have to be considered are the size of the class as well as the terms of employment of the students. The essential recommendations that were made were the longer working hours including in the increase in the workload. However, the remuneration offered to the employees would be increased to attract talented individuals to work for the schools. The Ministry of Education has played a decisive role in the implementation of the change management in the organization. . The principals and the teachers in the school were the participants in the research process. This study shall assess the attitudes of the workforce employed in Israeli public schools. The principals have stated their views and the beliefs regarding the existing educational system and the change management policies that are to be implemented in the schools. The teachers in the school were asked to offer their pertinent views and opinion about their resistance to change. Besides this, the teachers were asked to about the behavior of the management group in the school and its implications on their job performance. Argument The change management policies that are to be implemented in the organization shall have to be evaluated in an in-depth manner to serve the purpose of the organization. As such, this is necessary for the business enterprise to facilitate smoother business operations and reduce the operational expenses of the organizations. According to Hayes (2014) mentioned that the change management policies should address a definite need of the organization. In the case of the Israeli schools, the performance of the students was falling for over a period of time. As such, this was matter of concern for the authorities. A number of benefits can be achieved through the implementation of the change management in schools. The schools in Israel are having a deep structure, technology as well as the organizational policies. Thus, Waddell et al. (2013) mentioned that the change management policies implemented shall have an impact on all the schools, which shall increase the overall standard of education in the country. As such, Nordin et al. (2012) noted that the leadership in the organization shall have to play a definite role in the guiding the organization towards executing the necessary changes in the organization. In the context of the Israeli schools, the principal of the school shall have to identify the existing discrepancies in the existing operational policies of the business entity. However, Contrafatto and Burns (2013) noted that the primary factor that can hamper the implementation of the change is the resistance to change within the organization and outside. Thus, the change management policies are a joint effort among all the stakeholders in the organization. The rise in the remuneration of the teachers shall lead to better job performance of the teachers. As s such, the remuneration offered shall be assessed as per the performance of the students. In this regard, By et al. (2012) stated that the change management perspectives in the organization shall have to be eva luated before taking any pertinent measure. It is the primary responsibility of the human resource department to address any skill and competency issues that might be there in the school. To assist the school in achieving academic excellence, the teachers would have to participate in training schemes to enhance their skill levels. It is expected that this would enable the students in progressing in studies and in other extras curricular activities. Kidron et al. (2016) mentioned that raising the awareness levels among the changes that are to be implemented is very important. It can be said that this would assist the management to convince the various parties existing within the school. These would be an essential determinant on workplace behavior, interrelationships among the co-workers in the organization. Conclusion/Findings In the context of the public schools in Israel, the implementations of organizational change were necessary due to the lowering of the educational standards among the students. As such, the organizational change was expected to bring certain structural changes in the organization. In addition, the remuneration of the teachers shall also have to be increased to retain the talented professionals in the organizations and reduce the attrition rate. Besides this, an organizational change management implementation would bring about the necessary changes in substantial part of the educational system in Israel. Since the schooling system in Israel is uniformly built having similar organizational hierarchy and functions this shall have positively ensure the academic progress of the students throughout the country. The raising of the remuneration levels of the teachers shall have an impact on the job performance. As such, the remuneration of the teachers shall be linked to the remuneration of the teachers. With the implementation of the change management policies in the organizations, there shall be training schemes to raise the level of skill among the teachers. The lower level of performance among the teachers in the schools was attributed to the discrepancies existing within the educational system of school. As such, these factors have been hampering the academic progress of the students. Therefore, it becomes essential to identify such factors that can have an influence on the operational processes of the business entity. The Implications for Managers The organization change process is expected to bring positive developments to the organizational change process in the organization. As such, the managers working in the business entity shall have to understand the needs of the educational system in the organization. Special attention must be given to every student in the schools and their weaknesses. In this regard, Tudor (2014).noted those managers are the change drivers in the organization and shall take the primary responsibility in leading the organization to the change. As such, the mangers in the organization shall have a definite role to play in forming the change management policies in the business entity. Millar et al (2012) stated that in the case of the Israeli public schools, the principals are the people that are primary responsible in executing the organization change in the organization. As such, they have to create the necessary awareness levels in the organization to convince the various stakeholders involved in the public schooling system of school about the necessity of the organizational changes Strength Following are the strengths of the organizational changes in the organization. Recruitment of talented professionals- Burnes (2016) stated that recruitment of talented professionals would be one of the benefits of organizational change in the organization. Thus, this helps the schools to offer superior education services to the students studying in the schools. The level of education There shall be enhancement in the level of education offered to the students. Cameron and Green (2015) stated that the organizational change is expected to address the primary issue of decreasing levels of the quality of education offered in the schools. The organizational change policies in the organization shall re-innovate the total organizational structure of the school and shall have a positive impact on the organizational processes of the business entity. Greater coordination A greater coordination shall be obtained between the various departments in the organizations as a result of the organization process changes in the school. Callan et al. (2013) mentioned that such processes shall be essential to identify the existing discrepancies in the operational processes of the business entity. As such, this shall one of the principal benefits that can be achieved through the implementation of the change management in the schools. Weaknesses Following are the weaknesses of organizational changes in the context of the Israeli public educational system Resistance to change Initially, there would be resistance among the workforce to the alterations made in the operational policies of the schools. As such, this can seriously hamper the implementation of the change management procedures (Booth, 2015). This is a very possible threat to the business sustainability of the business. Therefore, this is a negative aspect of the change management procedures in the business entity. Increasing operational costs There would be increase in the operating costs as a result of the change management procedures implemented. Therefore, the public schools shall have to consider this fact before forming the operational policies. In many cases, this has an adverse effect on the financial condition of the organization. References Booth, S. A. (2015). Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Burnes, B., Hughes, M., By, R. T. (2016). Reimagining organisational change leadership. Leadership, 1742715016662188. By, R. T., Burnes, B., Oswick, C. (2012). Change management: Leadership, values and ethics. Journal of Change Management, 12(1), 1-5. Callan, V., Paulsen, N., Ayoko, O., Johnston, M. (2013). Transformational leadership, team identity, team effectiveness and follower satisfaction during large scale organisational change. In EURAM13: 13th Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management 2013. European Academy of Management (EURAM). Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Contrafatto, M., Burns, J. (2013). Social and environmental accounting, organisational change and management accounting: A processual view.Management Accounting Research, 24(4), 349-365. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kidron, A., Ofek, Y., Cohen, H. (2016). New Perspective on the Black Box of Internal Auditing and Organisational Change. Managerial Auditing Journal,31(8/9). Millar, C., Hind, P., Magala, S. (2012). Sustainability and the need for change: organisational change and transformational vision. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25(4), 489-500. Nordin, N., Deros, B. M., Wahab, D. A., Rahman, M. N. A. (2012). A framework for organisational change management in lean manufacturing implementation. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 12(1), 101-117. Tudor, L. (2014). Management Of Organisational Change In The Context Of Sustainable Development. Calitatea, 15(S1), 484. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013). Organisational change: development and transformation. Cengage Learning.

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Comparative Literature essays

Comparative Literature essays Although deference, self-righteousness, rashness, and self-delusion do not help the other characters in Hamlet to understand the truth or survive, Hamlets perpetual reflection prevents him from taking action. Hamlet seems to grasp the failings of the other characters and the inevitability of death, but cannot blindly accept anything to be the basis of truth. He is not sure whether a ghosts word should be the basis of murder: Faced with evidence that his uncle murdered his father, evidence that any other character in a play would believe, Hamlet becomes obsessed with proving his uncles guilt before trying to act, (Phillips). Hamlet even contemplates suicide, but ultimately decides that the terrors of this world are generally willingly preferred to the terrors of a world unknown. Still, his madness spurs him to impulsive action. He kills Polonius without knowing who is behind the tapestry, and he torments Ophelia without any clear intent. This suggests a man who truly believes in nothi ng, not even rational contemplation as a basis for truth. He tries being erratic and impetuous, but this yields no better results than his brooding melancholy. Centrally, he cannot submit himself to any belief that might indicate to him how to act and this is what allows Claudius and Laertes to kill him. The nagging difficulty is that there is very little in a human beings life can be certain; yet, we are still forced to act and make crucial decisions based upon our imperfect knowledge. Hamlet struggles with this problem directly by questioning everything that others may accept on faith or on a whim. This is Hamlets fatal flaw: he is frozen by contemplation. Taken together, every character in Hamlet exhibits a particular fatal flaw; but Hamlet himself seems to stand alone in the midst of the other characters actions. In other words, despite the fact that he takes part in the most significant actions o...

Non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods Essay

Non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods - Essay Example Fakhar et al. (2013) aimed to measure the pain anxiety related to change of dressing in admitted burn patients with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. The inclusion was only of 2nd degree burns (9-35% Total Body Surface Area-TBSA) and other burn degrees were excluded. Inclusion criteria meant people who are representative of the study and exclusion criteria meant people who may cause bias or hurt themselves. It is an experimental randomized clinical trial (RCT) with two groups. RCT is on the second top of hierarchy besides RCT can affect the decision-making if the sample size is calculated appropriately. RCTs are the useful trials that could admit the generalization of cause and affect relationships between intervention introduced and outcome measure. Sample size was estimated using power analysis to have a representative group. This power analysis helps to estimate the sample needed in experimental and control groups to support the findings as outlined by Burns and Grove (2009). The experimental group used jaw relaxation technique while the control group used usual medication care only without specifying it as this counted a weakness against the study. Randomization of allocation is done to ensure similarities in groups with a six months’ time period. Experimental group was taught to master jaw relaxation for 20 minutes and then asked to rate their pain anxiety level before dressing and again 15-20 minutes after the dressing.

Societal Issues in The Lord of the Flies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Societal Issues in The Lord of the Flies - Essay Example Right and wrong begin to fall to the wayside with the introduction of the hunt. Jack uses clay to disguise his face and trick the pigs, changing the visual representation of himself, moving further from society and rendering himself unrecognizable. Both Ralph and Jack still have some connection to the past, but Jack is moving away from it to create his own world governed by the laws of hunting and survival. Without any adults on the island, the boys must learn to govern themselves; however, problems ensue.The youngest, the least influenced by society, are the first to run away, the first to show anarchy and the breakdown of societal control. The boys give up the chance for rescue for the chance to kill. Their value system has shifted significantly. The degradation of the natural world through burning fires or killing pigs mirrors the breakdown of the boys' socialized humanity. Roger throws stones near one of the younger boys, Henry.He aims a few yards away, still following the laws of society.Civilization forces him to limit his primitive violent instincts, but these constraints no longer fetter him by the end of the novel.

Leading in Teaching, Learning and Mentoring Practice Essay

Leading in Teaching, Learning and Mentoring Practice - Essay Example Moving onwards to the role of a teacher as a leader in the educational settings, it can be further elucidated by considering the major roles of a teacher leader as explained by Harrison and Killain (2007). Through their work, they have emphasized the role a teacher can play in the lives of their pupils both by working along with his colleagues and also himself directly. Some of them include role of a teacher as a; Participative leadership- through which the teacher leader himself becomes a part of the change being brought about and is in a better position to collaborate with his fellows in achieving a set target A teacher leader is different from a school leader. He enjoys authority and power of a more expanded nature. Through formal and informal efforts, a teacher leader can collaborate with his colleague and even the head of the institution for the betterment of the educational setup. While in the work environment, a number of incidences are encountered which further strengthen the statement that a teacher plays the role of a leader. Two of such cases are elaborated in the subsequent paragraphs. I had the opportunity to work in Meadow High School and teach autistic children with special needs. During my stay there as a teacher, I came across the ways in which these children were being dealt with. While some of them were commendable, I found certain aspects of interaction and teaching lacking there. The school plans and teaches to a mainly primary model which prepares the student for an entry level qualification, although there are opportunities for the students to gain GCSE’s and A levels if the students are able to do so. In recent years the needs of students have become more complex as was witnessed by me during my interaction students which all had Autism of a moderate to complex level. ‘Autism is one of the most common developmental disabilities in the world, affecting approximately 1

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business

Traditional Budgeting in Modern Business The essay below is an attempt to analyse the issue of Traditional budgeting and discusses the fact that how now-a-days formal, traditional budgeting does not prove quite apt for modern businesses. To begin with, the essay will give a brief explanation of what is a budget and what is budgeting. This will be followed by a short note on modern budgeting and there will be a concise induction on traditional budgeting. Furthermore, the essay will throw light on the strengths and weaknesses of traditional budgeting; following which it will explain and evaluate the alternatives to traditional budgeting in modern businesses. A budget is a business plan for the short term-typically one year(Atrill McLaney,2007) . It is mainly expressed in financial terms and it is designed to meet strategic purposes. Budgeting plays a vital role in business success as it helps in the organizations operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals, strategy formation, and controlling cost which helps the organization to achieve its overall objective. But it seems it is unsuitable for the modern business.The term modern business stands for a business which operates in a global economy and practises all modern techniques to survive in a highly competitive environment. In todays era of information technology, it is impossible for a business to compete globally without continuous innovation, updated information and controlled activity. In management accounting, budgeting is quite a vast and important concept. There are different kinds of budgeting. The essay will now focus on Traditional budgeting and its working in modern businesses. What is traditional budgeting? Budget is a part of strategic planning process. It lays down business objectives, targets and decides activities required to achieve these objectives. Traditional budgeting is based on previous year data, decisions, uncertain estimates and forecast (Drury,2009).Traditional budgeting is basically one year planning which lays down targets for the business and at the end of the year these targets are compared with actual results and deviations, if any, are reported to the budgeting team which uses them as an important source of information for current year budgeting. Traditional budgeting creates boundaries for the business operations and sets targets for its employees, which motivates employees to work hard and earn rewards for their achievement. Importance of Traditional Budgeting: Kennedy and Dugdale (1999) in his study on budgeting found out that 99% of all companies in Europe still using formal budgeting system. Budgeting provides a direction which can be used as a framework for planning and controlling the overall activity of the business. Budgeting is often used as an important tool for controlling cost and expenditure of the business, which is very essential for an organization to survive in a competitive world. It is also used as a tool to maintain liquidity position of the firm by matching business revenue against expenditure, which gives an actual position and requirement of cash at a definite time period. Kennedy and Dugdale (2009) in his study also points out that it is the multiple function of budgeting which makes it an important tool for management. Budgeting provides a system of authorization, a means of forecasting and planning, it also provides a channel of communication and coordination through which the actions of different parts of an organi zation can be brought together and reconciled into a common plan. Kennedys study also states that budgeting serves as a tool of motivation, a system of evaluation and control, which acts as a useful source of information for decision- making. Limitations of Traditional budgeting: Budgeting is always being criticized for its high cost and the longer time it takes for its preparation. These two limitations are always a point of consideration for modern business organizations, which require a long working of financial managers and which incurs heavy charges on the company. In addition to this, budgeting is criticized in many other aspects as well. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) in his study on budgeting points out that budgeting being an important tool for an organization has many limitations like, it meets only the lowest targets, it uses more resources than required, it competes against other divisions, business units and departments, also it spends only what is in the budget, provides inaccurate forecasts, has motives only to meet the budget but not to beat it and finally it also avoids risk element. Bourne et al. (2002) conducted a survey on limitations of traditional budgeting in which he criticizes traditional budgeting on a number of issues. From the survey resu lt, he pointed out the following criticisms against budgeting ; its time consuming, costly, restricts flexibility in operation, its very often focused on target and often misaligned with strategy, it focuses more on cost rather than value creation, it often encourages gaming between superiors and subordinates, it is hardly updated and is based on unrealistic assumptions and guesswork which make it unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting and modern business: Budgets have long had a bad press, but they have attracted even more flak recently for being at best inappropriate to modern business practice and at worst potentially harmful (Marginson and Ogden,2005). Hope (2000), in his study on traditional budgeting, points out four important reasons of incapability of traditional budgeting in modern business. he pointed out that in modern business, innovation is more essential rather than incremental, focuses more on faster learning rather than faster working, customer focus is on product satisfaction rather than increasing sale and knowledge- sharing and use of talent given more importance, rather than physical or financial capital. Modern business requires innovation along with cost saving in order to be competitive enough to fight with its rival company. Marginson and Ogden (2005) in his study on budgeting and innovation argues how firms are balancing the need to control costs on the one hand with the pursuit of innovation on the other. That is, modern business is an era of global business and competition which requires continuous innovation and huge spending on R D for its survival. And if modern business follows the budgeting tool it will restrict the business from spending a huge amount on innovation and this becomes a major criticism of budgeting. Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin (2000) added that traditional budgeting is incapable of meeting the demand of the competitive environment in the information age. This means, traditional budgeting is a useful accounting model with its focus on command and control but it lacks in providing useful updated information like market changes, change in taste and preference, change in technology, etc. which makes traditional budgeting unsuitable for modern business. Traditional budgeting is a time consuming process and therefore fails in reflecting changes fails in the companys organization process. As a result it produces inadequate variance reports leaving the how and when question unanswered. That is, it ignores shareholders value and focuses more on short term financial numbers. It follows a risk avoiding culture and therefore faces a false sense of security as a yearly, rigid process and as being a toy of the accounting department.( Hopes Fraser, 1999a, cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Ekholm and wallin (2000) in his study about budget found out that traditional budget seems to be a burden, and therefore must be removed from financial reports, before improving financial performance. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) say that if companies want to meet the modern business challenges then they must dismantle their rigid command and control structure, which means scrapping their budget and should adopt a policy of radical decentralization and implement appropriate key performance indicators, scorecards and rolling forecast. Alternatives to budgeting: Traditional budgeting is described as a Bane of Corporate America and a tool of repression, by modern businesses which look for alternatives. Rolling forecasts produced on a monthly or quarterly basis, are suggested to be the main alternative to the annual budget (Arterion 1998, Hope and Fraser 1990-20 cited in Ekholm and Wallin, 2000). Limitations of traditional budgeting give rise to many beyond budgeting techniques. Fanning (2000), in his article titled evolution or Revolution, explained beyond budgeting as a technique that restrict gaming, focuses on other business performance in addition to financial performance and uses insightful forecasts that accurately predict companys performance for a shorter period of time like, rolling forecast. In addition there are some better budgeting techniques like, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting. Rolling forecast serves as a best alternative to traditional budgeting, as stated earlier. In this the budget is prepared for a short period of time which ranges from a month to a year. The main advantage of this method i s that it encourages the manager of a company to look ahead and review their plans on a regular basis. Zero based budgeting is also emerged as a good alternative to incremental budgets. Unlike traditional budgeting zero based budgeting justifies and prioritizes all the activities before allocating amount of resources to them. In addition it focuses on activities instead of functional department which is a feature of traditional budgeting (Drury, 2008). Activity based budgeting authorize the supply of only those resources that are needed to perform activities required to meet the budget production and sales volume. This overcome traditional budgeting limitation which works on incremental basis to predict year expenses on the basis of last year expenses. Traditional budget systems focus on expenditures. Performance Based Budgeting focuses on final result by fixing desired performances goal to each department. The purpose of Performance-Based Budgeting is to provide a sound basis, upon which resource allocation decisions can be done; to communicate the measurable results expected to be achieved from a budget allocation; and to build a connection between budget and program performance results for the same operational unit over same period of measurement. Importance of budgeting in modern business: Dugdale and Hanseen ( two writers ) from their study on find out that in budgeting; operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals and strategy formation are the important functions which help it in being alive in modern business. Ekholm and Wallin (2000) from a questionnaire survey on budgeting stated that traditional budgeting is needed in modern business as it is an important tool for maintaining internal effectiveness which is needed to maintain long term equilibrium position of the company. He also finds out that modern business still requires traditional budgeting because its targets cant be set for the people. This means that, no control and no performance evaluation can be done. Hanseen and Van der Stede (2004) from his study on Multiple facets of budgeting finds out that there are different reasons to budgeting like market related performance (sales growth, market share) and internal operation related performance (cost effectiveness, quality), which see ms to be important reason for its wide use in modern business as it will help company to achieve competitive advantage over its rival. Dugdale and Lyne (2006) as a conclusion of case study point out that budget is an important tool to set resources limit for function such as service and RD, which will help business to make efficient use of their limited resources that will lead to success for a company in this competitive world. Conclusion: After a detailed study about budgeting it can be concluded here that, budgeting is an important tool for any business organization which helps the organization in operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goal, strategy formulation and fixing targets which serve as a basis for organizational working and control. Inspite of its importance in organization, its become a matter of great concern to change or abandon traditional budgeting from modern business. It is because of some budgeting limitations which make it somehow rigid to be used in flexible and compatible modern business. It can be seen that traditional budgeting lacks in providing updated information, flexible operations, restricts huge expenditure on innovation and in addition to this, it is time consuming and a costly method, which binds a company to a 12 month agreement with budgeting expenditure and income list which restrict flexibility of modern business. On the other hand, budgeting helps modern bu sinesses in setting their targets for the year and cost controlling measures which play a vital role in the competitive market. So, seeing budgeting limitations and benefits to modern business, many economists and business managers suggest that traditional budgeting is an important tool which cannot be fully removed from an organization but some changes or beyond budgeting techniques like rolling forecast budgeting, zero based budgeting, activity based budgeting, process based budgeting and performance based budgeting, help in solving business organization problem. Refrences Atrill, P and McLaney, E.(2008). Accounting And Finance For Non- Specialists. England: FT Prentice Hall. Bourne M, Neely A and Heyns H (2002) Lore Reform, Financial Management,January,p.23. Drury, C. (2009). Management Accounting For Business.UK: South- Western. Dugdale, D. and Lyne, s.(2006)Are budgets still needed?, Financial Management, November,pp 32-35. Ekholm B and Wallin J(2000), Is the annual budget really dead? The European Accounting Review,volume 9,number 4,pages 519-539. Fanning J (2000) Evolution or Revolution?,Accountancy, October. Hansen, S.C. and Van der Stede, W.A. (2004), Multiple facets of budgeting: an exploratory analysis, Management Accounting Research vol. 15, pp 415-439. Hope T (2000), Conflict Resolution, Accountancy, November. Kennedy A and Dugdale D (1999), Getting the most from budgeting, Management Accounting, February. Maginson, D. and Orden, S. (2005)Budgeting and Innovation, Financial Management, April, pp 29-31.

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay -- Morals Science Biology Essa

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation 1. Introduction to Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is â€Å"any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live non human animal cells, tissues or organs.† The main interest of the practice is to be able to take organs from animals for the purpose of using them in humans in need of organ transplants. It is still a relatively new medical phenomena, with documented cases of the practice only taking place since 1906. 2. The Case The case at hand is whether or not we should use xenotransplantation in humans. It is a rather controversial topic that has brought up strong feelings in parties on both sides of the argument. One of the main arguments of the people who are for xenotransplantation is that there is a large shortage of organs available for transplant, and that animal organs could provide enough spares to satiate the need. A recent figure given by the FDA is that currently 13 people die per day in the U.S. because of the lack of organs available for transplant. Meanwhile, one of the arguments of those people against xenotransplantation stems from animal rights. Some people feel that it is wrong to use animals in such a way and that there is a great potential for animal abuse. A marker to the seriousness of the current need for donor organs is that ac... ...an. 1998. <http://wedge.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/health/012198/health5_26375_noframes.html> 3. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). "U.S. Facts about Transplantation." Nov. 2000. <http://www.unos.org/Newsroom/critdata_main.htm> 4. Koshal, Arvind. "Ethics Issues in Xenotransplantation." University of Alberta. 1993? <http://www.ualberta.ca/~ethics/bb6-3xen.htm> 5. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "FDA Approach to the Regulation of Xenotransplantation." 19 Oct. 2000. <http://www.fda.gov/cber/xap/xap.htm> 6. National Academy Press. "Xenotransplantation: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy." 1996. <http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/xeno/> 7. Michaels, Marian. "Defining the Risks and the Risk Reduction Strategies." 27 Feb. 1998. <http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/topics/xenotransplantation/2098.3896.html>

Project Time Management Essay

As project manager, you are actively leading the Green Computing Research Project team in developing a schedule. You and Ben found three internal people and one new hire to fill the positions on the project team as follows: Matt was a senior technical specialist in the corporate IT department located in the building next to yours and Ben’s. He is an expert in collaboration technologies and volunteers in his community helping to organize ways for residents to dispose of computers, printers, and cell phones. Teresa was a senior systems analyst in the IT department in a city 500 miles away from your office. She just finished an analysis of virtualization of server resources for her office, which has responsibility for the company’s data center. James was a senior consultant in the strategic research department in a city 1,000 miles away from your office. He has a great reputation as being a font of knowledge and excellent presenter. Although he is over 60, he has a lot of energy. Le was a new hire and former colleague of Ben’s. She was working in Malaysia, but she planned to move to your location, starting work about four weeks after the project started. Le has a lot of theoretical knowledge in green computing, and her doctoral thesis was on that topic. While waiting for everyone to start working on your project, you talked to several people working on other projects under the Environmental Technologies Program and did some research on green computing. You can use a fair amount of the work already done on telecommuting, and you have the name of a consulting firm to help with that part of your project, if needed. Ito and Ben both suggested that you get up to speed on available collaboration tools since much of your project work will be done virtually. They knew that Matt would be a tremendous asset for your team in that area. You have also contacted other IT staff to get detailed information on your company’s needs and plans in other areas of green computing. You also found out that there is a big program meeting in England next month that you and one or two of your team members should attend. It is a three-day meeting, plus travel. Recall that the Green Computing Research Project is expected to be completed in six months, and you and your four team members are assigned full-time to this project. Your project sponsor, Ben, has made it clear that delivering a good product is most important, but he also thinks you should have no problem meeting  your schedule goal. He can authorize additional funds, if needed. You have decided to hire a part-time editor/consultant, Deb, whom you know from a past job to help your team produce the final reports and project proposals. Your team has agreed to add a one-week buffer at the end of the project to ensure that you finish on time or early. Tasks 1. Review the WBS and Gantt chart you created for Tasks 5 and 6 in Part 2. Propose three to five additional activities you think should be added to help you estimate resources and durations. Write a one-page paper describing these new activities. 2. Identify at least four milestones for this project. Write a one-page paper describing each milestone using the SMART criteria. 3. Using the Gantt chart created for Task 6 in Part 2, and the new activities and milestones you proposed in Tasks 1 and 2 above, estimate the task durations and enter dependencies as appropriate. Remember that your schedule goal for the project is six months. Print the Gantt chart and network diagram. 4. Write a one-page paper summarizing how you would assign people to each activity. Include a table or matrix listing how many hours each person would work on each task. These resource assignments should make sense given the duration estimates made in Task 3 above. 5. Assume that your project team starts falling behind schedule. In several cases, it is difficult to find detailed information on some of the green computing technologies, especially financial data. You know that it is important to meet or beat the six-month schedule goal, but quality is most important. Describe contingency strategies for making up lost time and avoiding schedule slips in the future. After reviewing the work breakdown structure (WBS) and Gantt chart, three additional activities are being proposed. The addition of these activities will assist with estimating resources and durations. This project will benefit from the identification of four milestones throughout the project. Using these milestones as markers for time, budget, and personnel resources, the project will be kept on track. These milestones will be developed using the SMART criteria outlined in the text (Schwalbe, 2014). The identification of these milestones is the first added activity. The second activity to be  added is the contingency plan. The contingency plan will outline strategies for making up lost time and remaining on schedule for the remainder of the project.

8 Famous People That Were Expelled From College

8 Famous People That Were Expelled From College Usually we imagine college dropouts as street walkers and bums.  However, a lot of people have reached success despite being kicked out of college. Their lack of degree has been more than compensated by wealth and fame. Talent and ambition are the most important factors of prosperity. E ven a college degree cant guarantee successful future. Many celebrities were expelled from college because of different reasons, but still we all know their names. Here are the famous people who made out just fine without earning their degrees. Steve Jobs Probably there are no people who dont know the story of Steve Jobs. Co-founder of Apple dropped out of Reed College after six months of studying. However, he was lucky to get into computers and started attended meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club. That was his successful start in the computer industry. Probably the Mac, iPhone and iPad wouldnt have existed if Steve Jobs stayed at school. The results of his work are so significant that at the time of his death, his net cost was $11 billion. Really cool for a college dropout. Mark Zuckerberg College students use their dorm rooms for studying, sleeping, eating, hanging out with friends. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in his. When the networking sites popularity exploded, he left Harvard and never returned to studying. Now we cant imagine our life without Facebook, the Zuckerbers decision has worked out pretty well for the twenty-something. Lady Gaga Before she became Lady Gaga, she was Stefani Germanotta. She attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts, but never graduated from it. Lady Gaga dropped out after just a year in order to pursue her music career. She broke onto the New York club scene with amazing burlesque performances and conquered the love of the audience with her unique style and great songs. Princess Diana Diana Spenser attended West Heath Girls School but failed all her 0-level examinations. Then she visited a finishing school in Switzerland but dropped out from there as well. Diana went to work as a part-time assistant at the day care center. At the age of 19 her working days were over as she became engaged to Prince Charles. Albert Einstein Could you think that one of the greatest scientists and thinkers in the world history had a troubling school life? He was expelled from high school for rebellious behavior and failed the entrance exam to the Zurichs Federal Institute of Technology. Later he returned to FIT and finished his eduction. Salvador Dali The prominent surrealist painter was expelled from the Academy of Art in Madrid. Dali was kicked out because of criticizing his professors and disturbing the peace. He said that his professors were not qualified enough to grade him on exams. In his career Salvador Dali produced over 1,500 paintings, dozens of sculptures, designs for theater sets. People from all over the world enjoy his works displayed at different museums and permanent exhibitions. Harrison Ford The star of Indiana Jones and Star Wars attended Ripon College but was expelled right before graduation. Now he is known all over the world as a great actor and film producer. His career has spanned six decades and no doubt, his input into the film industry is enormous. Rachel Ray This cooking TV show star didnt attend college and had no special qualification in the culinary. Actually its hard to believe that her net is estimated of $60 million now. Great for someone who didnt even apply to college! She took part in many popular shows and programs and is a successful cooking star and businesswoman. The point of the list above is: always have a goal and work at that goal every single day. Dream big and work towards your dreams. Good luck!

Great Gatsby Essay

Great Gatsby Essay Free Online Research Papers Hope and love can be two extreme blinding factors in a person’s life. The two emotions hold back characters from seeing the reality of situations and making clear minded decisions. Jay Gatsby’s hope, the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock, that she will come back to him and his unrealistic expectations that he will receive love from her heart, blind his realistic view of the world. On the other part of the island lives Daisy Buchanan, a symbol of wealth and broken promises. Although Fitzgerald does much to make her character worthy of Gatsby’s unlimited devotion, in the end she reveals her self for what she really is. Daisy has loved money since she was a child – dressing in gorgeous white dresses, always the princess of the tower, and a golden girl every man dreamt of. The young Jay Gatsby fell for her sweet and caring personality like all the other soldiers did . Ever since that moment, Gatsby has loved her, or the idea of her, with such vitality and determination that they will end up together, that the readers would like, in many senses, to see her be worthy of his devotion. Despite her beauty and charm, Daisy is merely selfish, shallow, and in fact a very hurtful woman. Society is does not worry her, if there is enough money everything else can be escaped, such as a hit and run. Even her own flesh and blood she could not take care of, her daughter was a showcase doll who had to put up a cute act for the guests. Gatsby, an extremely hard working and confident man, has created everything he has by himself. He had hope and dreams which he made happen all by himself. He pushed himself dreaming about how some day he will be good enough for Daisy and her parents. Even thought in the book, Gatsby did not go the right way about money he was always true in his hear. As nick said â€Å"Gatsby turned out alright in the end†, in the beginning of the novel wile the reader did not know much about the characters. Only one thing did not fit in, it was that Gatsby lived in a dream world and Daisy was his dream. Although Fitzgerald carefully builds Daisy’s character with associations of light, purity, and innocence, when all is said and one, she is the opposite of what she presents herself to be. Her life is dependant on wealth and position in society, while Gatsby’s is to be finally happy with the love of his life. Daisy cannot meet his high expectation because she has already set up her life while he was at war. Her carelessness and greed made her marry the cheating Tom Buchanan, even though she was still in love with Gatsby. The dream couple’s chances were ruined that same wedding night when drunken Daisy decided to say â€Å"I do†. Her feelings towards him did not change, her values and morals changed and she was not the lovely Daisy that James Gatz fell in love with. Research Papers on Great Gatsby EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on Children

Toni Morrison's Commencement Speech at Wellesly College on Adulthood Essay

Toni Morrison's Commencement Speech at Wellesly College on Adulthood - Essay Example When we talk about development, there are three phases- the future, the present and the past. The trick here is, to understand the realities of each phase face them and live each one of them with the greatest zeal. According to Toni Morrison, nothing gives one a more satisfactory feeling than becoming the adult at mind and heart- not in age. Age is inevitable and so is death, but adulthood is not! One can live being a child forever- immature, careless, insensitive and aimless. The beauty of being an adult is that one can work towards whatever he wants to achieve. Some people like Kardashian never grow up because they do not achieve maturity of the mind. Adulthood is about being content with the present, being happy about the bounties one has and working towards better every day. It is also about understanding the differences between generations and coming to a compromise to reduce discrepancy between generations. Furthermore, adulthood is the outcome of learning from experiences and mistakes that have been made during childhood and teenage, where the requirement is to acquire ample understanding of life from them. Morrison further clarifies this phenomenon by saying that adulthood in the global context requires one to make their story individualistic and different rather than just ordinary. Every adult has the opportunity to make at least his own circumstances different and personalized in the context of his individual circumstances. Morrison believes that every individual who is mature enough to be called an adult should have the tolerance and patience to bear problems and develop tolerance in oneself for others and for things that are out of one’s control. Instead of whining about a specific situation, one should make desirable effort to achieve results that would make things relatively better. Morrison believes that it is the

Eveline James Joyce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eveline James Joyce - Research Paper Example Dust is everywhere in her room in spite of the fact that she has been mopping and dusting for years. She is a part of this dusty atmosphere, just another object in her room. Thesis: a psychological development of this woman is intensely influenced by the external subjection to her self-restraint and her obsession with her father. A Flow of Life or a Stasis of Oblivion When love rushes in her life, she does not have any choice but to follow this external acclaim. She follows her lover, and it is difficult to imagine, but this calm woman has managed to board a ship about to set sail across the ocean. There is a high speed animated development of her life. Nevertheless, she gives up and is occupied by her vivid imagination, when she is dreaming about her lover, who is grasping her head and she is experiencing her inner passion and desire. In her real world, she lets these dreams be only in her mind, but she is resistant to the wind of change for sure. A gentle and a passive female natur e, she turns into a subjective animal, and it looks like she has no choice but only continue her passive life. â€Å"Eveline† in Dubliners reminds us about the importance of small pieces and images in our lives. It is possible to claim that the whole life is a big puzzle and different episodes in our lives are merely puzzle elements. Joyce saturates his manner of narration in this piece from Dubliners with vivid descriptions and luxurious emotions, rich impressions and endless feelings and perceptions. Even readers can experience his bright idealistic world through the small segments and episodes of his stories. It is possible to consider "Eveline" from different perspectives. On the one hand, in "Eveline" domesticity is clearly associated with details, with metonymy and synecdoche. The detail that will become Eveline's signature is the "odour of dusty cretonne" (Mosher 408). In this article the author clearly underlines that housewives and their housekeeping is associated wi th special smells and episodes of their lives. This woman always cleans up, and the curtains of crettone are her Everest. She always tries to put up with difficulties and deal with inevitable dust in those curtains. Her home is a museum of memories for her and nothing more. There are many different objects connected with her life, but it is better for her to get rid of them, like Italians get rid of old furniture on the New Year. Her female nature and her role of a housewife are developed in accordance with commonly accepted social templates, but in the real world she plays a very pitiful role because she has to count her meager funds. We can see that the "purse" is a metonymy of her role as housekeeper for her family. She is imprisoned in her home and her housekeeping obligations bear her down. She counts every nickel in her purse, and visiting market is really depressing and intriguing for her. Frank suggests getting rid of her imprisonment and offers a trip to Buenos Aires with h im. He says that his home is there. "Home" is a metaphor about her another life. It is a direct juxtaposition to her daily life and she hesitates whether to try on a new role or not. Joyce introduces and apt euphemism  for  "sexually  aroused"  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ "pleasantly confused" (Joyce 45). He shows that feelings are common for her and her love is just another background for her possible development. Moreover, it looks like this woman

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Project - Essay Example However there is a steep slope in the graph and this can be due to the change in the level of production within the two years. Although very few of the points are on the line, they move towards the same direction. The final graph represents the total cost versus the machine hours. The machine hours that are used in production fluctuate over the years but they move in the same direction. Some points are scattered far away from the line and this can be due to factors that might not have a significant impact and did not affect the long term trend of the graph. The behavior of the cost of the rent is that it increases over the years and will push up the costs of production in the years to come, although it remains constant throughout the year. According to relevant range the fixed costs of production will not change as output changes. This applies to the rent as it does not fluctuate with the total output. The least squares method is used to determine the best fit of a particular curve that is represented in a graph. This is the curve that has the least number of the squared deviations from a particular data set that has been given. There are various advantages of using the least squares method. This method increases the accuracy and speed of calculations that involve a large number of digits. It is used when there are a large number of values, ranging up to a thousand and presents a simulation that brings out the most feasible approach (Rawlings & Pantula, 2010). This is more practical in a real world scenario given that such calculations are usually full of errors and the least squares method presents the best approximate solution. The distribution curves in the method are applicable in determining the put or call option prices that are realistic in the market place. Therefore inaccurate estimates can be proportionally represented. Any slight deviation that may arise from this metho d

Healing with technology Essay Example for Free

Healing with technology Essay Spinal Dynamics will aim to capture at least 10% of total spinal implants market by fourth year of operation. Spinal Dynamics plans to become Canada’s largest spinal orthopedic implant company by 2011. The Company plans to pursue vigorously and at an accelerated rate the development, production and marketing of artificial disc implant . The goal would be apart from being superior to other products it should be affordable for the masses in Canada thus contributing to human welfare by application of technology in the field of biomedical sciences. The company Spinal Dynamics is being formed for the purpose of engaging in development, production and marketing of artificial disc implants, in Canada with early and profitable operation as the prime goal. B. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY The boom is gradually shifting from the sectors of finance and information technology towards the biomedical sector specifically the medical device industry. The major reason being increased medical treatment costs, and an urge towards better quality of life. Hip and knee replacements have become very common in spite of the high surgical costs involved. On the same lines spinal surgeries are becoming more prevalent especially because of high economic costs being incurred due to low back pain ailments. According to the statistics, patients suffering from back pain consume more that $90 billion annually in health-care expenses, with approximately $26 billion of that amount directly attributable to treating the back pain. Due to this reason a number of spinal implant companies have mushroomed throughout the U. S and Europe. The main problem in this industry is long development periods and high risks . The long drawn approval process especially in U. S due to FDA regulations is one of the reasons a lot of money is being invented in research , development and testing of the product. However medical law suites might become a big liability for the product if the device fails even once. C. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS: Competencies Capabilities: 1) Legal and regulatory factors: The medical device industry is classified as class 3 , high risk implant so its obvious that a lot of investment goes into testing and experiments with sufficient evidences to prove its safety in-vivo. There are instances when a device fails and a single lawsuit causes the entire company to close down. Thus its advisable to invest time and money , before taking the implant out to the market 2) Investment of Time Money: As approval process is a long drawn procedure, it is necessary to have well trained quality managers and regulatory system advisors as employees. Sometimes services of external consultants or Regulatory advising companies might be used. 3) In-house surgeons/medical practitioners: As these devices cater to specific ailments and are highly specialized, it is important that we have in-house surgeons to understand the requirements of a product before we begin to design it. Infact the engineers and the surgeons should work hand in hand to come up with a better product. The crucial factors which determines success in biomedical industry 1) Availability of constant flow of Funds: For a new product to be in market, it might take 3-4 yrs, so during this period there should be a constant supply of funds to pay the employees and keep the company running. 2) Excellent marketing strategies : Its important that these products are marketed through right channels, thus its highly imperative that the products are showcased at various trade shows/conferences 3) Understanding the regulatory process: The main aim would be to bring the product soon to the market, by making a full-proof plan before the submission process for approval, as this phase is the lengthiest of all the processes. D. PEST ANALYSIS: Scope of Growth: The medical device industry out here thrives on reverse engineering concept the result is a number of ME TOO products. Infact companies end up investing on buying patents from European and American companies and do not believe in investing money for research and development of such products. There is huge market to be tapped as there is a lot of demand for these products most of which is imported from the Europe and the U. S. This area being the fastest growing market, the projected growth is expected to touch up to $16 billion in 2015 revenues. Source: Millennium Research Group. Spine Care Segments 2015 There is expected to be an increase in surgical treatment options, like facet replacement and dynamic stabilization procedures, which will likely be more acceptable to patients, perhaps doubling the % of patients accepting surgery from 3. 6% to 7% of a much larger, elderly population. As clinical results improve, this market is expected to continue to grow 20% per year and offer a tremendous opportunity to companies with innovative product lines. In 2015, industry experts project lumbar fusions will not grow, but stay at the same 2006 level of 400,000 procedures; dynamic stabilization devices will grow from 25,000 to 250,000 cases; and artificial lumbar and cervical discs grow from 25,000 to 600,000 cases, as these new procedures begin to replace spinal fusion. PART 2: A: BUSINESS OWNERSHIP: Sole proprietorship is a one-person business is registered with the state like a limited liability company (LLC) or corporation. Legally, a sole proprietorship is inseparable from its owner the business and the owner are one and the same. This means the owner of the business reports business income and losses on his or her personal tax return and is personally liable for any business-related obligations, such as debts or court judgments. This accounts 74% of all USA businesses and for 6% of all sales in USA. Advantages: (1) decisions are made by only the owner; (2) simple process to start – just get a business license (3) profits belong to the owner; (4) pride of ownership; (5) lower taxes. Disadvantages: (1) unlimited liability (2) limited life of business (3) difficult to raise capital for business; (4) risk of lost is not shared Partnership: a partnership is simply a business owned by two or more people Just like in a sole proprietorship, the partnerships owners pay taxes on their shares of the business income on their personal tax returns and they are each personally liable for the entire amount of any business debts and claims. 8% of all USA businesses are partnerships and accounts for 4% of all sales in USA Advantages: (1) easy to start (2) not many regulations; (3) not as difficult to raise capital for business; (4) combination of knowledge and skills. Disadvantages: (1) unlimited liability; (2) profits are shared; (3) limited life of the business; (4) disagreements Incorporation: Though forming a corporation is a bit more complicated and costly, but it is well worth the trouble for some small businesses. The main benefit of an LLC or a corporation is that these structures limit the owners personal liability for business debts and court judgments against the business. What sets the corporation apart from all other types of businesses is that a corporation is an independent legal and tax entity, separate from the people who own, control and manage it. Because of this separate status, the owners of a corporation dont use their personal tax returns to pay tax on corporate profits the corporation itself pays these taxes. Owners pay personal income tax only on money they draw from the corporation in the form of salaries, bonuses, and the like. Corporations make sense for business owners who either (1) run a risk of being sued by customers or of piling up a lot of business debts, or (2) have substantial personal assets they want to protect from business creditors. 18% of all USA businesses are corporations and accounts for 90% of all sales in USA. Advantages: (1) easy to raise capital (2) limited liability; (3) unlimited life of business; (4) Can hire specialized skills and knowledge; (5) shared risks. Disadvantages: (1) difficult to start; (2) less direct control; (3) double taxation: corporate tax and individual tax (4) limited activity. Franchising: Franchises are in which individual businessmen or people buy a well established business, but a certain percentage goes back to the corporation. Franchises must adhere to the corporate regulations. (McDonalds, Krispy Cream, Starbucks). Acquisition/Mergers: In this two companies merge together(merger) or a big company acquires a small innovative company giving rise to an acquisition. The best option to go with would be setting up a corporation or a LLC rather to start. The limited liability company or LLC is a relatively new form of doing business which is now recognized in most states. The LLC has grown in popularity because it combines the best features of a corporation and a partnership. Like a corporation, the owners (called members) of the LLC are not personally responsible for the debts of the LLC. Like a partnership, there is no dual taxation and the earnings of the business are taxed directly to the members. The LLC is also preferable in many ways to the S corporation, which also avoids personal liability and dual taxation. The LLC is not subject to most of the limitations which are imposed on corporations by applicable law. For example, while an corporation is not allowed to have more than one type or class of stock ownership and is not allowed to have more than 75 shareholders, the LLC is not subject to such limitations. Overall, the LLC simply allows more flexibility in the structure, operation and management of the business than does the S corporation. LLCs are similar to corporations because they also provide limited personal liability for business debts and claims. But when it comes to taxes, LLCs are more like partnerships: the owners of an LLC pay taxes on their shares of the business income on their personal tax returns.

Pros and Cons of the Reformation

Pros and Cons of the Reformation Pros and cons of the reformation The middle of the 1400s was period of dramatic change, marked with end of the age of chivalry as new forms of weapon were produced and a utilization of gunpowder transformed the traditional concept of knights in shining armor. Consequentially, the hierarchy of the nobility became unstable, their supremacy no longer marked by their ability to bear arms and defend their homeland. Within the same period, the supremacy of the upper-class took another blow when the printing press was invented, allowing more of the population to acquire the written word, now attainable and affordable. However, with these new developments into the proceeding centuries, the availability of copies of the Holy Bible and an increase in Church sandal led to an age of extreme superstition. In order to confront these issues and cope with the changing world, figures Martin Luther and John Calvin took noteworthy action within what is now known as the Protestant Reformation. Peaking in the 1500s, an overzealous church showed prominent internal problems. First, with the new translations of Scripture available, people began to take the Bible seriously again. However, bad translations or interpretations, such as in the case of Joshua slaughtering the Canaanites, made some readers believe that that would be allowable in their time as well (Joshua 10:40). Due to this ____, the Church began to think that the text was too dangerous and full of misunderstanding, necessitating a control of information given to the masses. Along those lines, the papacy decided that, as successors to Peter, no one would have the authority to question their authority since they have been divinely appointed. Since their power presumably comes from a special connection to God, authorities within the church used their positions to abuse that power. The most noticeable abuses of power were in not keeping with the code of the religious position, such as forgoing chastity in order to have ___ sexual relations, or placing relatives into positions of power. The most infamous corruption of this time was the Church stealing patrons’ money through indulgences, a remission of punishments for sins and forgiveness of its guilt through payment. Tetzel’s Sermon pg19 Church had religious, cultural, political, and economic power â€Å"The pope can do all things God can do.† Nicolaus de Tudeschis[1386-1445], famous Benedictine canonist and abbot,in â€Å"Commentaria† (lvi, 34) Therefore, in this time, religious faithful had a conception that God can be bribed for redemption. For fear of eternal damnation, people paid money to the Church in exchange for absolution of their sins, or those of their relatives, allowing entry into Heaven. Based on an idea similar to â€Å"Jesus offering Himself to appease His angry father,† the Church cashed in on the surplus of sins in their communities (Ranasinghe). However, with that thought, Martin Luther emerged with a counter argument, proposing that the death of Jesus is worth infinitely more than any human sin, so, with His supreme offering, the Church should not need any of the congregation’s money involved. In 1517, Luther wrote a letter to Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg, which included a copy of his 95 Theses, protests against clerical abuses of power such as the practice of indulgences. In the letter, Luther suggests that this sale of reconciliation and buying one’s way out of â€Å"all punishment and guilt† must have occurred without Albert’s â€Å"knowledge and consent,† hoping that reform may come from within the Church (26; 27). Perhaps starting the Protestant Reformation with his Theses, Luther’s small attempts at reforming the church quickly exploded into a revolution out of his control. In addition to challenging the church’s practice of selling indulgences, Luther proposed that Biblical Scripture should become its own sole authority, not determined by a church official such as the pope. Therefore, faith became more important than good works, advising that humans cannot become good people or pleasing in the eyes of the Lord by performing virtuous actions. Rather, Luther created a new view of God entirely, rather than the old church’s blasphemous conception of one that can be bribed. According to Luther, humans are subordinate to an angry God, due to Original Sin. Only able to be saved by God’s grace, the core of human sinfulness comes from the natural seeking of happiness, a sure sign of human depravity. Since trying to construct our own happiness and not turning to God, the only way to become a virtuous person is to realize that you are not capable of virtue and thereby dependent on God alone. Living on earth, children of God must observe human laws but know that they can never be just or worthy in His eyes. Crying out from the depths of human depravity, humans cannot know themselves as anything other than sinners ruled by their passions and vices. Both in the Bible and in the writings of Augustine, Luther agrees Christ would have â€Å"died in vain† if man were capable of virtue (Galatians 2:21). In order to remind ourselves of our sinfulness, the purpose of human laws and rulers is to make it impossible to maintain a clear conscience. Making humans feel guilty and aware of their own wickedness, Luther wanted to keep the faithful away from the dangerous illusion that they can live apart from God and remind them of how unworthy they are, so in no way capable of buying their way into Heaven. While Luther was a reformer, his ideas quickly had a life of their own, exploding and creating a revolutionary situation. People had uncontrollably angry reactions against the excesses of the Church, breaking the stained glass and destroying anything that spoke merely of the beauty of God. Thus, John Calvin constructed a new system out of the explosion, similarly whitewashing walls of the churchs and putting some pieces back together, transforming protestant Christianity into a reformed church based upon ideas of Luther. Calvin’s teachings were slightly different from Luther’s but maintained the same Protestant thought. He taught that human existence depends on God, predisposing an existence of a Creator and implying that the world is not of our own making. Therefore, under an omnipotent God, Calvin believed in predestination, a â€Å"doctrine† that God had pre-established and divinely ordered everything and that nothing, except perhaps God, can change it. Consequently, if a man is considered a good person, it is because he has been selected, out of everyone, by God to be good. Similarly, if he had been chosen to go to Hell, he is able to choose how to get there, but he cannot turn around and choose God, since God must choose him, a ___ called irresistible grace. Unable to deny or resist God’s Will, chosen or not, God’s foreknowledge also implies a state of limited atonement, where not all were â€Å"created on equal terms† and that Jesus died for the select few, not the many (219; 220). Pg 213-254 Good works are an evidence of faith and chosen-ness, works + faith = chosen (opp. Luther) We are unable to know the will of God; human curiosity, questioning is wicked â€Å"let us abstain from the search of knowledge , to which it is foolish as well as perilous and even fatal to aspire† (217) Church decides what is in the Bible, so turn to the Church for answers Luther doesn’t believe you need church, you can read Scripture for yourself Calvin: Scripture has authority, exists prior to the church (in the beginning was the word†¦and the word was with god) Church doesn’t form scripture, scripture forms the church, continually educates it Script. Is timeless, story progresses, conception of God gets increasingly sophisticated as people grow in faith, over lifetime Continually refined over course of history Scripture is an illustration, not a divine work†¦it contains divine Word, but the object itself isn’t divine. Words point beyond itself, reminder of something more important but not sacred itself (meaning > words) Pros of their actions Free thought, authority of word called into question Think for themselves now, interpret (Bible loses sacredness) Luther – believed that Bible has meaning that should be available to/understood by any intelligible person Calvin – scripture = interaction between human and mind of God through written text, interpretation allowed since word isn’t divine/only represents divine Set stage for future ages of reason, challenging authority Lessened power of the corrupt within the church Shut down monastaries, suspicious of stealing money, friars getting into mischief at nunneries (brothels) – Luther allowed priests/nuns to marry World changing view: nothing special about priests, mass (can be meaningful but not literal and blasphemous) Stopped the stealing of money, exposed the scandal of indulgences Patience for change – don’t cause a scandal with brash actions, restrain/reformation is exploding Calvin: human improvement is possible through divinely established institutions (scripture) Connects state, human community – live according to deeper understanding of word of God Cons Caused many wars, deaths (30 years’ war) Multitude of Protestant denominations that don’t agree on interpretations Luther picking and choosing what he wanted them to read Anti-semitism, pg 137-142 Pg. 140: sharp mercy like a physician Jews are source of lies, stubborn in scorn/contempt Pg. 66, September Bible/Luther’s preface Opposed to James’ Epistle†¦he chooses what’s good/isn’t Making sure they read it through his eyes More interested in OT, Gospel of John in NT Leave out stories of works, preachings Just wants Jesus, commitment to Word of God, not to His works/miracles (faith > works) Pro: Jesus also didn’t want people just following Him for his miracles Luther, not interested in humanity of Jesus. Humanity is inherently evil, selfish We’re all sinners in the hands of an angry God People think that bible in infallible Problem of the bible Old church was afraid people would understand/misinterpret parts of the bible (Solomon’s 700 wives) Luther insists that it is the exact word of God, not interpretations/metaphors â€Å"Proper christian attitude toward authority† We’re meant to suffer – state should contain our appetites, desires, manage our human sinfulness We can’t know ourselves, since we’re too sinful to know Rulers can know, mold us because they’re ordained Punishment, suffering makes us more virtuous, obedient à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   more humble Break you to reshape you, they know what’s good for us Trapped by form of reasoning, trying to control spiritual things by making them objects we can control Symptomatic of fallen-ness of humans Christians are free in one sense but slaves in another â€Å"mouths are gagged, soul is free† Tension with the problem of slavery – page 117 It’s okay because it’s in the Bible (Abraham) – â€Å"carnal† problem, soul is still free/Christian liberty Why we need to be ruled = make us unhappy, kill the illusion that we can be happy without God = only through suffering do we become virtuous A good ruler is a wicked ruler Show us how fallen, depraved, sinful our nature of humanity is No definite conclusion, a lot of good but a lot of monstrous evil as well Happiness understood in terms of unhappiness Unhappier we are, happier we can be Paradox: still seeking happiness by being unhappy Viscous cycle, divided against ourselves: I am a sinner, I don’t expect to be saved so I will be saved Understandings of God Old church: angry god that can be bribed with indulgences, not good works or faith Luther: angry god, focus on condemnation (like in the OT), God is merciless, can’t change destiny of our human sinfulness Erasmus: loving, forgiveness, humor, humility; human foolishness We hold upon this earth the place of God Almighty Pope Leo XIII Encyclical Letter of June 20, 1894 â€Å"Wherefore, thou seest that after the book hath gone forth through the hands of the great and abominable church, that there are many plain and precious things taken away from the book, which is the book of the Lamb of God,† (1 Nephi 13:28). The Pope is not only the representative of Jesus Christ, he is Jesus Christ himself, hidden under the veil of flesh. Catholic National July 1895. (Ranasinghe 1/28/14) http://www.trueorthodoxy.org/heretics_roman_catholics_pope_as_christ.shtml